9 graders Plan of your test

Skills	Contents		CEF competences	Types of items
	Topics	Language
Reading Vocabulary Grammar Writing	A world of differences Respect your neighbor Happily different Global Classroom	Grammar ·         Connectors ·         To-infinitive ·         Ing- form ·         Relative pronouns Vocabulary ·         Multiculturalism ·         Different habits and cultures ·         Multicultural schools	Linguistic • lexical • grammatical • semantic • orthographic Pragmatic • functional • discoursive	• Multiple choice • True / false • Matching • Sequencing • Short answer (blank   filling; sentence   completion;   rephrasing) • Short answer   (text comprehension)
				• Essay (80/100 words)

Environment

We are now starting our unit about the environment. More than talking about problems, I believe it's tremendously important to talk about possible solutions.

I give you a video with a few years to make you think:

And the second part:

Relative Pronouns

Firstly, watch this short video. (click on the video and then click where it says that want to wacth it on Youtube)

Now, read the following information:

Where refers to places.

Who refers to people.

Whom  (a quem) Click for more info

Which and that refer to objects or animals.

Whose is used to express possession.

When is used to refer to a time expression.

Why refers to a reason.

Now,  look at these examples!

e.g. For teenagers appearance is something which comes first. 
Over here, "which" refers to appearance.

The sentence above is defining relative clause. They are essential to the understanding of the context.

You can omit “who”, “that”, “which”, in defining relative clauses but only when they are the object. 

e.g. That’s the CD (which, that) my boyfriend gave me. 

In defining relative clauses when it’s an informal situation "that" can replace "who" or "which".

Defining relative clauses:

- Give information about who or what we are talking about;
- All the relatives can be used in defining clauses;
- You do not use commas.

Non-defining relative clauses:

- Give additional (extra) information about something;
- Normally it is added between commas;
- We can't omit who and which; 

Examples of non-defining relative clauses:

Whose 

e.g. John, whose girlfriend is Simone, has stopped smoking.

When we add extra information in a sentence, we put it between commas and call it non-defining relative clause.


Who

e.g. Tom, who is allergic to cats, is my neighbour. 

In this sentence, the important information is that Tom is her neighbour. The information that Tom is allergic is something the speaker wanted to share.


Have a look at these links:

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/relative_pronouns2.htm

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/relative-clauses (here you have an explanation about this and in the end of the page you have got links for more exercises.)

Conditional sentences aka If - Clauses

Conditionals 0, 1, 2 and 3

Type 0 - Expresses a fact or a general truth

If + Present Simple + Present Simple
or
Present Simple + If + Present Simple

Example:
If you heat water, it boils.

Type I – Probable situation to happen in the future

If + Present Simple + Future “will” + Infinitive
or
Future “will” + Infinitive + If + Present Simple 

Examples:

If Raquel goes to the supermarket, she’ll buy some bread.
I won’t go to the beach if it rains.


Type II – Improbable situations, used to give advice.


If + Past Simple + Conditional “would” + Infinitive
or
Conditional “ Would” + infinitive + if + Past Simple 



Examples: 

If I were you, I wouldn’t speak to them again.
I wouldn’t speak to them again if I were you.


Type III – expresses regret to something you have or haven't done; impossible, imaginary situations.

If + Past Perfect + would have + Past participle
or
Would have + past participle + if + past perfect


Examples:

If Inês had studied harder, she wouldn’t have failed the exam.
Inês wouldn’t have failed the exam if she had studied harder. 

Have a look at this link:
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences

And now these:

• Conditionals
  • Second Conditional
  • Third Conditional
  • Conditionals Quiz

Order of the Adjectives

 I have already shared a video about adjectives' order. Now, I'm adding another tip for you:

Have you noticed that it is easy to memorise the name of a website?

So, if you memorise OSAS.COM  then, the only thing you have to know is to add P (that stands for Purpose) 

Exercise here (2) when you reach the end of the page you have a link for another exercise. 

Third Conditional

Type III – expresses regret to something you have or haven't done; impossible, imaginary situations.


Strucures: 

If + Past Perfect + would have + Past participle or Would have + past participle + if + past perfect


Examples:

a. If Gonçalo  had studied harder, he wouldn’t have failed the exam.

b. Alexandre would have phoned Rafael if he had known he was in trouble. 

Have a look at these links:
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences

https://www.englishgrammar.org/conditional-grammar-exercise/

Reported Speech

Reported Speech 
Use: To report what someone said.

Some changes you have to pay attention to:

Time:
Now - at the time, then
Today - that day, on Monday etc
Tomorrow - the following day
This week - that week
Last week - the week before
an hour ago - an hour before/ earlier

Place/ demonstratives:
here - there
this - that
these - those
Person:

I - he/she
my - his/her

Examples:

“I love my new black jacket.”, Mariana said. - Present Simple - Past Simple
 Mariana said she loved her/his new black jacket.

" I went to this excellent shop yesterday," Rodrigo explained. - Past Simple - Past Perfect
Rodrigo explained he had gone to that excellent shop the day before.

"They are going to the pool now", mum shouted. - Present continuous - Past Continuous
Mum shouted they were going to the pool then.

"I was watching the movie at six o'clock", Joana whispered. - Past Continuous - Past Perfect Continuous
Joana whispered she was watching/ had been watching the movie at six o'clock.

"Maria has bought a new house in the city centre", Isabel shared with Sara - Present Perfect - Past Perfect
Isabel shared with Sara that Maria had bought a new house in the city centre.

“I’ll buy a new cap”, Prim told Martim - Future "will" - Would
Prim told Martim he would buy a new cap.

Note: Sentences in the Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous do not change.

Reported Questions

These questions are usually introduced with inquire, ask, want to know, wonder . When questions begin with a question word (what, when, where...), you also use it in your reported speech. 
Have a look:

"What is your favourite dish?" Carolina wanted to know.

Carolina wanted to know what my favourite dish was.

However, questions might also begin with an auxiliar verb (is, have, do) or with a modal. In this case, you have to introduce if or wether in your reported speech. 
Check it out:

"Do you like ice cream?" Afonso asked me.

Afonso asked if I liked ice cream.

Now it is time to work:

Challenge 1
Challenge 2
Challenge 3
Challenge 4
Challenge 5
Challenge 6

Argumentative Text

First, you need to know that an argumentative text is where express your opinion through several arguments. While writing it you should be careful to express the arguments with suitable examples each.

Text structure: 

Introduction - clarify the title; write a general opinion about the theme;

Development - Each paragraph should have an argument/ a reason, and an example; do not forget to have a paragraph which is a counter argument;

Conclusion - Here you need to write a synthesis all the ideas presented previously and you clearly state your opinion.

Useful sentences:

I have several reasons for arguing for/against this point of view. My first/second/last reason is.....

Therefore, although some people argue that.....

It goes without saying .... (it becomes obvious)


Useful adverbs:                   

undoubtedly
clearly
understandably

Useful verbs:

to oppose
to condemn
to support
to challenge

Useful connectors:

Above all
Specifically
Moreover, Furthermore, In addition
Whereas
However

9 graders: Verbs + to and Verbs + -ing form

When you have two verbs in a sentence, the second verb might be written in the infinitive with to, or it might be written in the gerund (-ing form).

How do we know what to do? Well, this is similar to the irregular verbs' list: if you practise a lot, you are able to easily memorise them.

List of some verbs which require another verb in the infinitive:

advise, agree, allow, ask, choose, decide, forget, hope, invite, learn, promise, try, teach ...

List of some verbs which require another verb in the gerund (-ing form):

admit, consider, finish, keep, miss, resist, suggest ...

To add some adrenaline to your study...sometimes you have verbs that require both the infinitive and the gerund. Let's have a look:

can't bear, can't stand, continue, have, like, love, neglect, propose ...

However, you need to pay attention as there is still a meaning difference. Using a gerund suggests that you are writing/ talking about real activities or experiences. Whereas using an infinitive suggests that you are writing/ talking about possible activities or experiences. 


Time to work:

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

Exercise 3 

Listening PET / FCE / CAE

You are about to do your listening tests. In order to help you prepare, I am leaving you some links where you can practice:


FCE:

https://www.examenglish.com/FCE/fce_listening.html - on the right side of the screen you have got several exercises;

PET / FCE / CAE:

https://www.englishaula.com/en/cambridge-english-test-exam-preparation/cambridge-english-first-fce-b2/listening/exam-parts/exercise-practice-test/2-3-part-exam/ - here you can choose your the level you need to work in by choosing the exam;

FCE / CAE:

http://englishlistenings.com/ielts-listening-tests - here you click on the link you wish to practice.



I wish you all the best of luck!

10 graders: Past Perfect Simple

Past Perfect is used to express an action that occurred before another one in the past. For instance, check this example:

When I arrived to the station, the train had already left. 
               recent action                 oldest action

There are time expressions that are used with this tenses: for, since, just, when, never, until,etc. 

After analysing this, are you able to tell us the formula of this verb tense? 

had + past participle



Now...you have work to do!! 

a) http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/pastpf1.htm 
b) http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/pastpf2.htm